Iki gitabo cyerekanwe cyerekana ibibazo bisanzwe bishobora kugaragara hamwe nibikoresho bya polymer nibikoresho bya elastomeric bitandukanye nibibaho hamwe na kashe yicyuma nibigize.
Kunanirwa kw'ibikoresho bya polymer (plastike na elastomeric) n'ingaruka zabyo birashobora kuba bikomeye nko kunanirwa kw'ibyuma.Amakuru yatanzwe asobanura bimwe mubintu bigira ingaruka kuri polymer yibikoresho bikoreshwa mubikorwa byinganda.Aya makuru akoreshwa kumurage runakaO-impeta, umuyoboro utondekanye, fibre ikomeza plastike (FRP) n'umuyoboro utondetse.Ingero z'umutungo nko kwinjira, ubushyuhe bw'ikirahure, hamwe na viscoelasticitike n'ingaruka zabyo biraganirwaho.
Ku ya 28 Mutarama 1986, impanuka zo mu kirere cya Challenger zatunguye isi.Igisasu cyabaye kubera ko O-impeta idafunze neza.
Amakosa yasobanuwe muri iyi ngingo atangiza bimwe mu biranga amakosa atari ubutare bugira ingaruka ku bikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda.Kuri buri kibazo, ibintu byingenzi bya polymer biraganirwaho.
Elastomers ifite ubushyuhe bwikirahure, busobanurwa nk "ubushyuhe aho ibintu bya amorphous, nkikirahure cyangwa polymer, bihinduka kuva mubirahuri byacitse bikamera nabi" [1].
Elastomers ifite compression yashizweho - “bisobanurwa nkijanisha ryingutu elastomer idashobora gukira nyuma yigihe cyagenwe mugihe cyo gukuramo nubushyuhe” [2].Nk’uko umwanditsi abivuga, kwikuramo bivuga ubushobozi bwa reberi yo gusubira muburyo bwambere.Mubihe byinshi, inyungu zo kwikuramo zirangizwa no kwaguka kugaragara mugihe cyo gukoresha.Ariko, nkuko urugero rukurikira rubyerekana, ntabwo buri gihe aribyo.
Ikosa 1: Ubushyuhe buke bwibidukikije (36 ° F) mbere yo kohereza byatumye V-O-impeta idahagije kuri Space Shuttle Challenger.Nkuko byavuzwe mu iperereza ry’impanuka zitandukanye: “Ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 50 ° F, O-ring ya Viton V747-75 ntabwo ihinduka bihagije kugira ngo ikurikirane ikingurwa ry’ikizamini” [3].Ubushyuhe bwikirahure butera Challenger O-impeta kunanirwa gufunga neza.
Ikibazo cya 2: Ikidodo cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 1 nicya 2 byibasiwe cyane cyane namazi.Ikidodo cyakusanyirijwe kurubuga hakoreshejwe Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Ariko, baragerageza fluoroelastomers (FKM) nka Viton) na perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) nka Kalrez O-impeta.Nubwo ingano itandukanye, O-impeta zose zerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 2 zitangira ubunini:
Byagenze bite?Gukoresha amavuta birashobora kuba ikibazo kuri elastomers.Kubisabwa byamazi hejuru ya 250 ° F, kwaguka no kugabanuka kwa FKM na FFKM bigomba kwitabwaho mugupakira ibishushanyo mbonera.Elastomers zitandukanye zifite ibyiza nibibi, niyo zifite imiti myinshi irwanya imiti.Impinduka zose zisaba kubungabungwa neza.
Ibisobanuro rusange kuri elastomers.Muri rusange, gukoresha elastomers ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 250 ° F no munsi ya 35 ° F ni umwihariko kandi birashobora gusaba ibitekerezo byabashushanyo.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ibice bya elastomeric byakoreshejwe.Fourier ihindura infragre spekitroscopi (FTIR) irashobora gutandukanya ubwoko butandukanye bwa elastomers, nka EPDM, FKM na FFKM twavuze haruguru.Ariko, kugerageza gutandukanya ibice bimwe bya FKM nibindi birashobora kugorana.O-impeta yakozwe nababikora batandukanye irashobora kugira ibyuzuzo bitandukanye, ibirunga, hamwe nubuvuzi.Ibi byose bifite ingaruka zikomeye kuri compression yashizweho, kurwanya imiti nibiranga ubushyuhe buke.
Polimeri ifite uburebure, busubiramo iminyururu ya molekile ituma amazi amwe ayinjiramo.Bitandukanye nicyuma, gifite imiterere ya kristu, molekile ndende zirahuza hamwe nkumugozi wa spaghetti yatetse.Mu buryo bw'umubiri, molekile nto cyane nk'amazi / amavuta na gaze birashobora kwinjira.Molekile zimwe ni nto bihagije kugirango zihuze icyuho kiri hagati yiminyururu.
Kunanirwa 3: Mubisanzwe, kwandika iperereza ryatsinzwe bitangirana no kubona amashusho yibice.Nyamara, igice cya plastiki kibase, cyoroshye, gifite impumuro ya lisansi yakiriwe ku wa gatanu cyari cyahindutse umuyoboro ukomeye kugeza ku wa mbere (igihe ifoto yafatiwe).Bivugwa ko iki gice ari ikoti ya polyethylene (PE) ikoreshwa mu kurinda ibice by'amashanyarazi munsi yubutaka kuri sitasiyo ya lisansi.Igice cya plastiki cyoroshye cya plastike wakiriye nticyarinze umugozi.Kwinjira kwa lisansi kwateje umubiri, ntabwo byahinduye imiti - umuyoboro wa polyethylene ntiwangirika.Ariko, birakenewe gucengera imiyoboro yoroshye.
Ikosa 4. Ibigo byinshi byinganda bifashisha imiyoboro yicyuma isize Teflon mugutunganya amazi, gutunganya aside ndetse n’aho hatabonetse ko hari ibyuka bihumanya (urugero, mu nganda z’ibiribwa).Imiyoboro isize Teflon ifite umuyaga utuma amazi yinjira mumwanya wa buri mwaka hagati yicyuma n'umurongo ugashira.Nyamara, imiyoboro itondekanye ifite ubuzima bubi nyuma yo kuyikoresha igihe kirekire.
Igishushanyo cya 4 cyerekana umuyoboro wa Teflon ukoreshwa mu gutanga HCl mu myaka irenga icumi.Umubare munini wibicuruzwa byangirika bikusanyiriza mumwanya wa buri mwaka hagati yumurongo wicyuma.Igicuruzwa cyasunikishije umurongo imbere, gitera ibyangiritse nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5. Kwangirika kwicyuma birakomeza kugeza umuyoboro utangiye kumeneka.
Mubyongeyeho, kunyerera bibaho hejuru ya Teflon flange.Creep isobanurwa nka deformasiyo (deformasiyo) munsi yumutwaro uhoraho.Kimwe nicyuma, ibinyabuzima bya polymers byiyongera hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera.Ariko, bitandukanye nicyuma, kunyerera bibaho mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Birashoboka cyane, nkuko ibice byambukiranya ubuso bwa flange bigabanuka, ibihindu byumuyoboro wibyuma birarengerwa kugeza igihe impeta igaragara, yerekanwe kumafoto.Ibizunguruka bizenguruka byerekana umuyoboro w'icyuma kuri HCl.
Kunanirwa 5: Imirongo myinshi ya polyethylene (HDPE) ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda za peteroli na gaze mu gusana imirongo yatewe n’ibyuma.Ariko, haribintu byihariye bisabwa kugirango amabwiriza agabanuke.Igishushanyo cya 6 nicya 7 byerekana umurongo watsinzwe.Kwangirika kumurongo umwe wa valve bibaho mugihe umuvuduko wa annulus urenze umuvuduko wimikorere wimbere - umurongo unanirwa kubera kwinjira.Kumurongo wa HDPE, inzira nziza yo gukumira ibyo kunanirwa ni ukwirinda kwiheba byihuse.
Imbaraga z'ibice bya fiberglass zigabanuka hamwe no gukoresha inshuro nyinshi.Ibice byinshi birashobora gusiba no gucamo igihe.API 15 HR “Umuvuduko ukabije wa Fiberglass Linear Pipe” ikubiyemo amagambo avuga ko impinduka ya 20% yumuvuduko ari ikizamini cyo gusana no gusana.Igice 13.1.2.8 cya Kanada Standard CSA Z662, Sisitemu ya peteroli na gazi, igaragaza ko ihindagurika ryumuvuduko rigomba kuguma munsi ya 20% yikigereranyo cy’umuvuduko w’abakora imiyoboro.Bitabaye ibyo, igitutu cyo gushushanya gishobora kugabanuka kugera kuri 50%.Mugihe utegura FRP na FRP wambaye, imitwaro ya cycle igomba kwitabwaho.
Ikosa 6: Uruhande rwo hepfo (saa kumi n'ebyiri) umuyoboro wa fiberglass (FRP) ukoreshwa mugutanga amazi yumunyu utwikiriwe na polyethylene yuzuye.Igice cyatsinzwe, igice cyiza nyuma yo gutsindwa, hamwe nigice cya gatatu (cyerekana ibice byakozwe nyuma yinganda) byageragejwe.By'umwihariko, igice cyambukiranya igice cyatsinzwe cyagereranijwe no guhuza igice cy'umuyoboro wateguwe ufite ubunini bumwe (reba Ishusho ya 8 n'iya 9).Menya ko igice cyatsinzwe gifite ibice byinshi bya intralaminar bitagaragara mu miyoboro yahimbwe.Gusiba byabaye mu miyoboro mishya kandi yananiwe.Gusiba birasanzwe muri fiberglass irimo ibirahure birebire;Ibirahure byinshi bitanga imbaraga nyinshi.Umuyoboro wahuye n’imihindagurikire y’umuvuduko ukabije (urenga 20%) birananirana kubera gupakira ibintu.
Igicapo 9. Hano hari ibindi bice bibiri byambukiranya fiberglass yarangiye mumashanyarazi menshi ya polyethylene-yuzuye umurongo wa fiberglass.
Mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho kurubuga, ibice bito byumuyoboro birahujwe - aya masano ni ngombwa.Mubisanzwe, ibice bibiri byumuyoboro bishyirwa hamwe kandi ikinyuranyo hagati yimiyoboro cyuzuyemo "putty."Ihuriro noneho rizengurutswe mubice byinshi byubugari bwagutse bwa fiberglass kandi bigaterwa hamwe na resin.Ubuso bwinyuma bwurugingo bugomba kugira ibyuma bihagije.
Ibikoresho bitari ibyuma nka lineri na fiberglass ni viscoelastic.Nubwo ibi biranga bigoye kubisobanura, ibyigaragaza birasanzwe: ibyangiritse mubisanzwe bibaho mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho, ariko kumeneka ntabwo bihita bibaho.“Viscoelasticitike ni umutungo wibikoresho byerekana ibintu bifatika kandi byoroshye iyo byahinduwe.Ibikoresho byinshi (nkubuki) birwanya gutemba no guhindagurika kumurongo mugihe iyo stress ikoreshejwe.Ibikoresho bya elastike (nkibyuma) bizahita bihinduka, ariko kandi byihuse bisubire uko byahoze nyuma yo guhagarika umutima.Ibikoresho bya Viscoelastic bifite imitungo yombi bityo bikerekana ibihe bitandukanye.Ubusanzwe Elastique ituruka ku kurambura imigozi ku ndege ya kristaline mu byuma byateganijwe, mu gihe ubwiza buturuka ku gukwirakwiza atome cyangwa molekile mu bikoresho bya amorphous ”[4].
Fiberglass nibikoresho bya pulasitike bisaba ubwitonzi budasanzwe mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho no gukora.Bitabaye ibyo, barashobora guturika no kwangirika ntibishobora kugaragara kugeza igihe kinini nyuma yo gupimwa hydrostatike.
Kunanirwa kwinshi kwa fiberglass kumurongo bibaho kubera kwangirika mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho [5].Kwipimisha Hydrostatike birakenewe ariko ntibigaragaza ibyangiritse bito bishobora kubaho mugihe cyo gukoresha.
Igicapo 10. Yerekanwa hano ni imbere (ibumoso) ninyuma (iburyo) hagati yimiyoboro ya fiberglass.
Inenge 7. Igishushanyo cya 10 cyerekana guhuza ibice bibiri byimiyoboro ya fiberglass.Igicapo 11 cerekana igice cambukiranya.Ubuso bw'inyuma bw'umuyoboro ntabwo bwashimangiwe bihagije kandi bufunze, kandi umuyoboro wacitse mugihe cyo gutwara.Ibyifuzo byo gushimangira ingingo bitangwa muri DIN 16966, CSA Z662 na ASME NM.2.
Imiyoboro ya polyethylene yuzuye cyane iroroshye, irwanya ruswa, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu miyoboro ya gaze n’amazi, harimo n’amazu y’umuriro ku ruganda.Kunanirwa kwinshi kuriyi mirongo bifitanye isano n’ibyangiritse byakiriwe mu gihe cyo gucukura [6].Ariko, gukura gahoro gahoro (SCG) kunanirwa birashobora no kugaragara kumaganya make ugereranije no kugabanuka.Nk’uko raporo zibyerekana, “SCG ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kunanirwa mu miyoboro ya polyethylene yo mu kuzimu (PE) ifite ubuzima bwo gushushanya imyaka 50” [7].
Ikosa 8: SCG yakoze mumashanyarazi nyuma yimyaka irenga 20 ikoreshwa.Ivunika ryayo rifite ibintu bikurikira:
Kunanirwa kwa SCG kurangwa no kuvunika: ifite deformasiyo ntoya kandi ibaho kubera impeta nyinshi.Agace ka SCG kamaze kwiyongera kugera kuri santimetero 2 x 1.5, igikoma gikwirakwira vuba kandi ibintu bya macroscopique ntibigaragara neza (Ishusho 12-14).Umurongo urashobora guhura nimpinduka zirenga 10% buri cyumweru.Bivugwa ko ingingo za kera za HDPE zishobora kwihanganira kunanirwa bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’imitwaro kuruta ingingo za kera za HDPE [8].Ariko, ibikoresho bihari bigomba gutekereza guteza imbere SCG nkumuriro wa HDPE.
Igicapo 12. Iyi foto irerekana aho T-ishami rihurira numuyoboro nyamukuru, bigakora igikoma cyerekanwa numwambi utukura.
Umuceri.14. Hano urashobora kubona hafi yubuso bwavunitse bwishami rya T kugeza kumuyoboro nyamukuru wa T.Hano hari ibice bigaragara hejuru yimbere.
Hagati y’ibikoresho byinshi (IBC) birakwiriye kubika no gutwara imiti mike (Ishusho 15).Bizewe cyane kuburyo byoroshye kwibagirwa ko kunanirwa kwabo bishobora guteza akaga gakomeye.Ariko, kunanirwa kwa MDS birashobora kuvamo igihombo kinini cyamafaranga, bimwe muribi bisuzumwa nabanditsi.Kunanirwa kwinshi guterwa no gufata nabi [9-11].Nubwo IBC isa nkiyoroshye kugenzura, ibice muri HDPE biterwa no gufata nabi biragoye kubimenya.Ku bashinzwe umutungo mu masosiyete akunze gukora ibintu byinshi birimo ibicuruzwa bishobora guteza akaga, ubugenzuzi busanzwe kandi bunoze bwo hanze n’imbere ni itegeko.muri Amerika.
Ultraviolet (UV) kwangirika no gusaza byiganje muri polymers.Ibi bivuze ko tugomba gukurikiza neza amabwiriza yo kubika O-impeta no gutekereza ku ngaruka ku buzima bwibigize hanze nko gufungura hejuru ya tanks hejuru no ku byuzi.Mugihe dukeneye kunonosora (kugabanya) ingengo yimishinga yo kubungabunga, hari ubugenzuzi bwibigize hanze birakenewe, cyane cyane ibyerekanwa nizuba (Ishusho 16).
Ibiranga nkubushyuhe bwikirahure, gushiraho compression, kwinjira, ubushyuhe bwicyumba, ubukonje, gukwirakwira buhoro, nibindi byerekana imikorere yibice bya plastiki na elastomeric.Kugirango habeho gufata neza no gukora neza ibice byingenzi, iyi mitungo igomba kwitabwaho, kandi polymers igomba kumenya iyi mitungo.
Abanditsi barashimira abakiriya bashishoza hamwe nabakozi bakorana gusangira ibyo babonye ninganda.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Inkoranyamagambo ya Hawley ya Chimie, integuro ya 12, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Inkomoko ya interineti: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. Lach, Cynthia L., Ingaruka zo Kuvura Ubushyuhe hamwe na O-Impeta yo Kuvura Ubushobozi bwa Kashe ya Viton V747-75.Impapuro tekinike ya NASA 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Imyitozo myiza kubatunganya peteroli na gaze muri Kanada (CAPP), “Ukoresheje umuyoboro wongerewe imbaraga (Non-Metallic),” Mata 2017.
6. Maupin J. na Mamun M. Kunanirwa, Ibyago na Hazard Isesengura ry'umuyoboro wa plastiki, umushinga DOT No 194, 2009.
7. Xiangpeng Luo, Jianfeng Shi na Jingyan Zheng, Uburyo bwo Gukura Buhoro Buhoro muri Polyethylene: Uburyo bwa Element Methods, 2015 ASME Vessels Vessels and Piping Conference, Boston, MA, 2015.
8. Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., na Bryce, W., Umunaniro wumuyoboro w’amazi wa plastiki: Isubiramo rya tekiniki n’ibyifuzo byo gushushanya umunaniro w’umuyoboro wa PE4710, Raporo ya tekiniki mu izina ry’ishyirahamwe ry’imiyoboro ya Plastike, Gicurasi 2012.
9. Amabwiriza ya CBA / SIA Kubika Amazi Mubikoresho Hagati Hagati, ICB Ikibazo 2, Ukwakira 2018 Kumurongo: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-ubuyobozi-ikibazo-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10org / itangazamakuru / 9737 / xx-impapuro-42.pdf.
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Ana Benz ni injeniyeri mukuru muri IRISNDT (5311 Umuhanda wa 86, Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada T6E 5T8; Terefone: 780-577-4481; Imeri: [imeri irinzwe]).Yakoze akazi ko kubora, kunanirwa no kugenzura imyaka 24.Ubunararibonye bwe bukubiyemo gukora igenzura akoresheje tekinoroji yo kugenzura no gutegura gahunda yo kugenzura ibihingwa.Mercedes-Benz ikora inganda zitunganya imiti, inganda za peteroli, inganda zifumbire n’ibihingwa bya nikel ku isi, ndetse n’inganda zitanga peteroli na gaze.Yabonye impamyabumenyi ijyanye n’ibikoresho yakuye muri Universidad Simon Bolivar muri Venezuwela naho impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho yakuye muri kaminuza ya Columbiya y’Ubwongereza.Afite impamyabumenyi rusange y’Abanyakanada (CGSB) ibyemezo by’ibizamini bidasenya, kimwe na API 510 hamwe n’icyemezo cya CWB cyo mu rwego rwa 3.Benz yari umunyamuryango w’ishami nyobozi rya NACE Edmonton imyaka 15 kandi mbere yakoraga mu myanya itandukanye hamwe n’ishami rya Edmonton ishami rya Kanada ryo gusudira.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-18-2023